Cerebral Palsy and CNS Infections in Paediatrics Complete Guide Causes Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment

⚡ 20 questions 📅 2026-03-17 07:27:42

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Frequently Asked Questions

❓ What is cerebral palsy in children?

Cerebral palsy is a group of non progressive disorders of movement and posture caused by injury to the developing brain in the antenatal perinatal or early postnatal period.

❓ What are the most common causes of cerebral palsy?

Common causes include prematurity birth asphyxia intrauterine infections placental insufficiency and postnatal infections like meningitis.

❓ Which type of cerebral palsy is most common?

Spastic cerebral palsy is the most common type accounting for about 70 to 80 percent of cases.

❓ What is the earliest sign of cerebral palsy?

Delayed developmental milestones especially delayed motor milestones are usually the earliest sign.

❓ How is cerebral palsy diagnosed?

Diagnosis is mainly clinical supported by MRI brain which helps identify the underlying brain injury.

❓ What is the main treatment for cerebral palsy?

Physiotherapy is the cornerstone of management along with medications like baclofen botulinum toxin and supportive therapies.

❓ What are CNS infections in children?

CNS infections include infections of the brain and meninges such as meningitis encephalitis brain abscess and tubercular meningitis.

❓ What are common causes of meningitis in children?

Common causes include Streptococcus pneumoniae Neisseria meningitidis and Haemophilus influenzae while neonates commonly have Group B Streptococcus and E coli.

❓ What are the classic symptoms of meningitis in children?

Symptoms include fever neck stiffness vomiting altered sensorium and in neonates poor feeding and bulging fontanelle.

❓ How is meningitis diagnosed?

Diagnosis is confirmed by lumbar puncture and cerebrospinal fluid analysis showing characteristic changes in cells protein and glucose.

❓ What is the treatment of bacterial meningitis in children?

Treatment includes intravenous antibiotics such as ceftriaxone or cefotaxime with vancomycin and supportive care.

❓ What is encephalitis and its most common cause?

Encephalitis is inflammation of brain tissue most commonly caused by viruses especially herpes simplex virus.

❓ What is the first line treatment for HSV encephalitis?

Intravenous acyclovir is the first line treatment and should be started immediately.

❓ What is a brain abscess in children?

Brain abscess is a localized collection of pus in the brain usually due to infection from ear sinus or congenital heart disease.

❓ What is the typical imaging finding in brain abscess?

CT or MRI shows a ring enhancing lesion with surrounding edema.

❓ What is tubercular meningitis in children?

It is a chronic form of meningitis caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis characterized by gradual onset cranial nerve palsies and hydrocephalus.

❓ What are CSF findings in tubercular meningitis?

CSF shows lymphocytic predominance very high protein and low glucose levels.

❓ What complications can occur in CNS infections?

Complications include seizures hydrocephalus hearing loss cognitive impairment and death if untreated.

❓ What is the role of steroids in meningitis?

Steroids like dexamethasone reduce inflammation and complications especially in bacterial meningitis.

❓ How can CNS infections in children be prevented?

Prevention includes vaccination hygiene early treatment of infections and antenatal care.